International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering

Rout Chadetrik ¹, Baldev Setia ², Bhattacharya Gourisankar ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, IN
2 Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra-136119, Haryana, IN

Abstract

This study quantifies the heavy metals content of groundwater for domestic purposes in the Baddi tehsil of Solan district in terms of spatial variations in the heavy metal fluxes. The monitoring was done for the post-monsoon session 2011 and considering ten ions. The mean Cd²⁺, Hg²⁺, Pb²⁺, Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺, F^-, Cr⁶⁺, Se²⁺, Mn²⁺, and Zn²⁺ content at forty sampling locations were found in the range of 0-0.023, 0-0.007, 0-0.088, 0-0.11, 0.001-0.028, 0.21-0.72, 0-0.05, 0-0.003, 0.012-0.191, 0-0.531 mg/l respectively. The total ions fluxes in the groundwater of the study area were found to be 25.93 mg/l. The presence of heavy metal ions in the groundwater samples suggests that, assessment of water quality parameters as well as water quality management practices should be carried out periodically in order to protect the valuable limited water resources. Principal component analysis was used to identify the major contributing factor of contamination and also to examine the spatial changes of groundwater quality of the study area.

Keywords

Groundwater, Heavy Metals, Correlation Analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Biplot.

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Deepak Kr. Verma ¹, Baldev Setia ², V. K. Arora

Affiliations
1 Civil Engineering Department, U.I.E.T., M.D. University, Rohtak-126001, IN
2 Civil Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra-136118, IN

Abstract

Dam failures cause loss of lives as well as massive damage to the structure. Overtopping failure of dams is the most frequent form of embankment failures as compared to other causes of failure. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the breaching of embankment for the development of early warning system of people downstream of the embankment. To understand the breaching process, the essential breach parameters are breach initiation time, breach width, time to breach, shape of breach. Also, the soil characteristics of fill material influence the rate of breaching of embankment dams. Present study gives the results of seven tests conducted in a small flume using a wooden fuse plug model. For constant hydraulic conditions, the temporal variations of breaching process were observed and described in different phases of breach profile. It was analyzed that soil composition and degree of compaction were key factors in the breaching process. The constant hydraulic conditions and limited width of the flume are some limitations of the study.

Keywords

Fuse Plug, Dam Breach, Breach Characteristics, Temporal Variation, Degree of Compaction.

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Chadetrik Rout ¹, Baldev Setia ², Gourisankar Bhattacharya ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, IN
2 Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra-136119, Haryana, IN

Abstract

This study assessed the heavy metal concentration in groundwater for domestic purposes in the Nalagarh tehsil of Solan district in terms of spatial variations in the heavy metal ions fluxes. The monitoring was done for the pre-monsoon season of 2012 and eight heavy metals was considered. The mean Cd²⁺, Hg²⁺, Pb²⁺, Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cr⁶⁺, Mn²⁺, and Zn²⁺ content at twenty-five sampling locations were found in the range of 0.02-0.068, 0-0.0035, 0.013-0.139, 0.002-0.06, 0.001-0.09, 0.003-0.08, 0.075-0.488, 0,001-0.389 mg/l respectively. The total heavy metal ions flux in the groundwater of the study area was found to be 11.104 mg/l. The presence of heavy metal ions in the groundwater samples suggests that, assessment of water quality parameters and water quality management practices should be done periodically in order to protect the valuable but limited fresh water resources. Principal component analysis was used to identify the major contributing factor of contamination and also to examine the spatial changes of groundwater quality of the study area.

Keywords

Groundwater, Heavy Metals, Correlation Analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Biplot.

Full Text